What defines urban ecosystems?

Urban ecosystems are defined by the interactions between various organisms and the urbanized environments in which they reside. These ecosystems encompass not only the physical structures of cities—such as buildings, roads, and parks—but also the flora and fauna that adapt to these altered landscapes. Urban ecosystems are characterized by a complex web of relationships, including how wildlife, plants, and humans interact with one another and their surroundings. This can include studies of biodiversity within cities, how urban green spaces serve as habitats, and how human-made structures influence ecological processes.

In contrast, the other options are focused on different aspects that do not capture the essence of what defines urban ecosystems. The growth of rural areas in cities does not accurately reflect the dynamic relationships essential to urban ecosystems, nor do agricultural lands or issues like desertification and land loss. Instead, these elements relate more to land use and environmental degradation, rather than the interdependent connections formed within urban settings. Understanding urban ecosystems helps in managing and improving urban environments while considering ecological health and sustainability.