In geography, what does "interdependence" mean?

Interdependence in geography refers to the mutual reliance between physical environments and human societies. This concept emphasizes that human activities and decisions are deeply intertwined with the natural world. For example, agricultural practices depend on the climate and soil conditions, while human actions, such as urbanization or industrial development, can significantly alter the physical landscape.

Understanding interdependence highlights how changes in one system can affect the other. For instance, deforestation impacts local climates and biodiversity, which in turn can affect agricultural productivity and human livelihoods. This bidirectional relationship demonstrates the complex interactions that underpin environmental and social dynamics, illustrating why the correct choice reflects a core principle in geographic studies.