What does urbanization refer to?

Urbanization refers specifically to the growth of urban areas as more people migrate from rural areas to cities. This process typically occurs as a result of various socio-economic factors, including job opportunities, better living standards, access to services, and educational prospects that cities tend to offer compared to rural areas.

As cities expand due to this influx of population, they often see increased infrastructure development, a rise in economic activities, and changes in land use. The phenomenon can significantly influence cultural dynamics, urban planning, and environmental issues, making it a crucial aspect of geographic study and urban development.

The other options focus on population trends that relate to rural areas or suggest a reversal of urbanization, which do not accurately reflect the concept of urbanization itself.